The eNotes Blog eNotes Student of Change Amena Mian, and the Fashionably ConsciousNGO

Student of Change Amena Mian, and the Fashionably ConsciousNGO I dreamt up Project Sina in college and always thought that I would pursue the endeavor later on in my career. I guess there is a perception that one has to be of a certain age and have collected a number of accolades before doing something entrepreneurial Frustrated by a narrow job market, I was compelled to create my own opportunities regardless of who or what entity deemed me qualified.  - Amena Mian In our new blog series, we’re interviewing students and recent graduates who have taken their studies and done something profound with them. Some are doing great work at home, while others have traveled to far off destinations to help communities in need. Whatever path they’ve chosen, these inspirational Students of Change prove that being young and recently graduated are never hindrances to doing what you want to do. Amena Mian  is a graduate of UC Davis, with a degree in Global Community Development. She has an extensive amount of experience working for mission-driven nonprofits both in the US and South Asia  and she was  selected as a Fellow for the IDEX Fellowship in Social Enterpise 12-13. Her non-profit fashion label Project Sina is generating opportunity for women through a stitch, employing Pakistani artisans to create beautiful, hand-crafted clothing and repaying them with fair wages and education.   Amenas  efforts to promote literacy and equality for South Asian women make her our hero and this weeks Student of Change. Read on to learn more about her and her co-founders noble cause! Tell us a little bit about your NGO, Project Sina. What inspired it and what does it do for women in Pakistan? Project Sina is an ethical fashion brand based in Karachi, Pakistan that strives to provide its employees with a fair wage and educational programming for their hand embroidered shirts. Growing up in a Pakistani-American household, I was surrounded by traditional garments and always wondered why I couldn’t find the same beautiful Eastern detail on modern, Western silhouettes.  Pakistan’s culture is very much artisan driven, whereby ready made clothing is a novelty and most individuals are their own fashion designers. They choose their own fabric, trim, and have their own tailors. Yet, after studying abroad in Delhi, I  came to realize that the majority of artisans creating this beautiful hand embroidery, almost all of them women, live  well below the poverty line. Furthermore,  Pakistani women, although arguably the most underprivileged group, show the most potential in terms of their very specialized skills. So, starting Project Sina my aims were to fill both the gap for South Asian-inspired garments in the fashion market as well as the need for womens advocacy in Pakistan. Project Sinas philosophy is simple: although underprivileged, the women we work with are never without potential. All they need is the right footing in the global marketplace and a venue for sales, and thats where we come in. Having studied community development, I found that most development projects abroad only seemed to highlight what communities were lacking. Project Sina instead strives to highlight the talents and acute skills of women in Pakistan. Doing that, were able to bring their products  to the world, rewarding them at the rate  they deserve for their work. A Project Sina artisan holds up her entry to one of the charitys design competitions Starting an NGO seems like an impossible task to most people. Can you talk us through how you turned this dream into a reality? I dreamt up Project Sina in college and always thought that I would pursue the endeavor later on in my career. I guess there is a perception that one has to be of a certain age and have collected a number of accolades before doing something entrepreneurial. However, lucky me, I graduated in 2011!  Frustrated by a narrow job market, I was compelled to create my own opportunities regardless of who or what entity deemed me qualified. Immediately after graduating, I was also fortunate enough to re-connect with an old friend, Anum, who had similar project ideas of making beautifully embroidered garments that would help lift women out of poverty in Pakistan. It was through this re-kindled connection that the stars aligned in a way. Obsessed with this idea, Anum and I put our heads together and began chipping away at our business plan. It took about a year for us to build up our network and get people excited about Project Sina. By way of Indiegogo, we were finally able to raise enough money to start  operations and create our initial inventory. What are some of the most valuable things youve learned along this journey? One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned through starting up is that authenticity goes a long way. It is those individuals who I have genuine connections with and people who are really excited about creating greater opportunity for women in Pakistan that have been most instrumental in giving this project wings. So I guess you can say being open and honest about project challenges and opportunities is something I consider a best practice now instead of constantly trying to sell or solicit. What advice can you give the students that use about pursuing their dreams? The best advice I can give other eNoters with any kind of dream or entrepreneurial idea – stay consistent! Excellence is a habit, not a trait. Turning your vision from dream to reality does indeed require a lot of planning and work. I of all people know how difficult it can be to work on your skill or project in between a hectic work or school schedule. But if you stay consistent about it and don’t give up hope, good things will come. You never know who or what opportunity can be around the corner, you just need to keep putting that energy out into the universe. Sound advice! So, where do you see Project Sina in  the future? We have come quite far. Up to this point we’ve worked with about 30 women who receive a fair wage and are now some of the first literate females in their family. But Project Sina certainly has a long way to go in terms of expanding the number of women we reach and developing our product. We’ve definitely had a good run in terms of piloting operations in Pakistan and seeing how the market has reacted to our concept and product. The  next step were currently working on is developing a new inventory of tops on high quality fabrics. Within the next 2 years, I hope that Project Sina is able to really carve out a niche within the ethical fashion space, becoming a brand that is known for both our distinct aesthetic as well as the impact we make in the lives of women in Pakistan. Within the next 5 years, through the brands own success, I hope to prove to the larger fashion industry that you can indeed be profitable and create positive social change at the same time, rather than one at the cost of the other. By that 5 year point, I would like to expand operations into other countries, turning Project Sina into a truly global movement. Everyday eNoter Questions: The Everyday eNoter’s bookshelf is always full, what’s your current favorite read? I am currently reading Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found. I lived in Bombay for a bit and felt that there was a profound complexity to the city that I never understood. The author Suketa Mehta, walks you through the dark underworld that you always knew existed but never had a tour guide for. What’s the best advice you’ve ever received from a professor or teacher? I wouldn’t say advice, but I certainly had a very special Hindi Professor at UC Davis that appreciated my quirky personality and big mouth (few professors do). If it weren’t for him and that class, I probably would have never ended up India or started Project Sina. If you could change one thing about the education system, what would it be? Why? Tough Question! For starters, I would somehow try to reform the structural inequalities that exist in the education system, whereby those that are the right race and are privileged enough to go to a good school tend to stay in school and go to good universities. It breaks my heart when I look at a child and know that for the most part, a bright future has been robbed from them simply because of their race and the neighborhood they live in. I’m also really into the concept of child-centered learning, whereby a child’s curiousity guides their curriculum – whereby we highlight their talents as opposed to negatively conditioning them and reinforcing what they aren’t good at. Looking back, what advice would you give your freshman self? I would have talked to my professors more! They are usually great resources if you actually talk to them like normal human beings and utilize office hours. What’s your go-to music/soundtrack for homework or writing? Right now I am listening to a lot of electronic music. Disclosure in particular. I’d like to think that I can still party when working. Where to find Project Sina: Follow the below links to find out more about Amenas project and support the cause. Projectsina.com Project Sinas Online Store Project Sina on Facebook

History of Matches - Inventors and Methods

History of Matches - Inventors and Methods If you need to start a fire do you rub sticks together or break out your handy flint? Probably not. Most people would use a lighter or a match to start a fire. Matches allow for a portable, easy-to-use source of fire. Many chemical reactions generate heat and fire, but matches are a fairly recent invention. Matches are also an invention you probably wouldnt choose to duplicate if civilization ended today or you were stranded on a desert island. The chemicals involved in modern matches are generally safe, but that wasnt always the case: 1669 [Hennig Brand or Brandt, also known as Dr. Teutonicus] Brand was an Hamburg alchemist who discovered phosphorus during his attempts to turn base metals into gold. He allowed a vat of urine to stand until it putrified. He boiled the resulting liquid down to a paste, which he heated to a high temperature, so that the vapors could be drawn into water and condensed into... gold. Brand didnt get gold, but he did obtain a waxy white substance that glowed in the dark. This was phosphorus, one of the first elements to be isolated other than those which exist free in nature. Evaporating urine produced ammonium sodium hydrogenphosphate (microcosmic salt), which yielded sodium phosphite upon heating. When heated with carbon (charcoal) this decomposed into white phosphorus and sodium pyrophosphate:(NH4)NaHPO4 - †º NaPO3 NH3 H2O8NaPO3 10C - †º 2Na4P2O7 10CO P4Although Brand tried to keep his process a secret, he sold his discovery to a German chemist, Krafft, who exhibited phosphorus throughout Europe. Word leaked out that the substanc e was made from urine, which was all Kunckel and Boyle needed to work out their own means of purifying phosphorus. 1678 [Johann Kunckel]Knuckel successfully made phosphorus from urine. 1680 [Robert Boyle] Sir Robert  Boyle coated a piece of paper with phosphorus, with a separate splinter of sulfur-coated wood. When the wood was drawn through the paper, it would burst into flame. Phosphorus was difficult to obtain at that time, so the invention was only a curiosity. Boyles method of isolating phosphorus was more efficient than Brands: 4NaPO3 2SiO2 10C - †º 2Na2SiO3 10CO P4 1826/1827 [John Walker, Samuel Jones] Walker serendipitously discovered a friction match made from antimony sulfide, potassium chlorate, gum, and starch, resulting from a dried blob on the end of a stick used to stir a chemical mixture. He didnt patent his discovery, though he did show it to people. Samuel Jones saw the demonstration and started to produce Lucifers, which were matches marketed to the Southern and Western U.S. states. Lucifers reportedly could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks at a considerable distance. They were known to have a strong firework odor. 1830 [Charles Sauria] Sauria reformulated the match using white phosphorus, which eliminated the strong odor. However, the phosphorus was deadly. Many people developed a disorder known as phossy jaw. Children who sucked on matches developed skeletal deformities. Phosphorus factory workers got bones diseases. One pack of matches contained enough phosphorus to kill a person. 1892 [Joshua Pusey] Pusey invented the matchbook, however, he placed the striking surface on the inside of the book so that all 50 matches would ignite at once. The Diamond Match Company later purchased Puseys patent and moved the striking surface to the exterior of the packaging. 1910 [Diamond Match Company] With a worldwide push to ban the use of white phosphorus matches, the Diamond Match Company got a patent for a non-poisonous match which used sesquisulfide of phophorus. U.S. President Taft requested that Diamond Match give up their patent. 1911 [Diamond Match Company] Diamond yielded their patent on January 28, 1911. Congress passed a law placing a prohibitively high tax on white phosphorus matches. Present Day Butane lighters have largely replaced matches in many part of the world, however matches are still made and used. The Diamond Match Company, for example, makes more than 12 billion matches a year. Approximately 500 billion matches are used annually in the United States. An alternative to chemical matches is fire steel. Fire steel uses a striker and magnesium metal to produce sparks which may be used to start a fire.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 169

Summary - Essay Example When going through an essay, it is always advisable to draft how you understand the essay. These may be in terms of questions regarding why the author selected the subject and the essays thesis, what we can tell about the author based on the language and tone of the essay, and what about the work has contributed to its success, the target audience and the strategy used by author to organize the ideas. Analyzing a sample essay is the best way to gain in-depth understanding and appreciation of an essay or any reading material. This enhances writers’ skills as it goes along way into teaching how to go through their work as authors. This also helps to enhance the scope of strategies that the author may use as well as proposing subjects upon which his or her essay may be based. When writing, first draft the thesis statement in a few paragraphs. This refers to the main idea the author wishes to address. The author may identify the thesis before writing or during the writing process. It helps to guide the author in sourcing for information and to have a sense of direction with respect to the contents of the paper and their organization. The thesis expounds on the essays’ subject based on the author’s comprehension of the same. Prepare the outline of the contents of the essay with regard to the thesis statement and write them down. This is essential as it helps in organizing and planning the flow of the essay into the introduction, body, and

North Korea and the South Korean Economy Research Paper

North Korea and the South Korean Economy - Research Paper Example Countries that have the same historical and cultural background are likely to progress in the same manner. This is because generally the same culture exists in similar geographic locations. This makes the countries to have access to similar economic resources. The population of such countries also share similar skills and are able to do particular kinds of tasks generally. The system of distribution and allocation of resources might be the same too. In short, countries with the same history and culture are expected to have similar economic policies and are likely to advance in the same manner. However, this might not always be the case. North and South Korea are the prime examples of the countries that, despite having similar ethnographical backgrounds, have different economic performances. South Korea, because of an emphasis on world trade have adopted politics that are aimed at world cooperation while North Korea has adopted stringent political policies that has made it suffer econ omically and led to increased poverty and starvation.Before moving on to discuss the different economic performances of both the countries, it is important to discuss the major events that shaped the history of both North and South Korea. The economic history of Korea can be divided into three broad categories, the Malthusian stagnation to 1910 when Japan annexed the country, the colonial period from 1910 and 1945 when Korea was considered as a mandate by countries of the West, and the post colonial period where North and South Korea performed in different ways.

The bounce of a squash ball Essay Example for Free

The bounce of a squash ball Essay Then the ball will soon begin to lose speed as it rises and its KE (kinetic energy) is changed back to GPE (gravitational potential energy)as some of its original energy has been converted to heat and sound it will stop with less GPE (gravitational potential energy) than it began with. This is the reason why the height of the bounce for all the temperatures is lower than the original height (1 meter). Conclusion: You can understand from the evidence that my prediction was right as the higher the temperature of the squash ball, the higher the height of the bounce will be. As you can understand from the results the lowest temperature of 0i C gave an average bounce height of only 5m which would be 5% of its initial height. On the other hand the highest temperature of 70i C gave an average bounce height of 58. 4m which is 58. 4% of its original height. This proves my prediction right as not only can you see from the results that the bounce height increases as the temperature increases, you can then see from these results that it must be due to the gas inside the ball heating up, causing the volume of the gas to expand and the molecules to move faster which will caused them to hit the sides more often and harder. This made the rubber expand and store more elastic energy. This meant that the bounce height was bigger because the more stretched the rubber became, the better it converted elastic potential energy into kinetic energy when the ball hit the floor and therefore caused the ball to bounce higher. Evaluation I think that my results were as accurate as I could have made them with relevant safety points carried out and I got good, reliable, accurate results. The only anomaly I got was at 10i C because the temperature kept dropping which made the average too low. I decided to do the test for 10i C again and my results were much better. The average result for 70i C was lower than the line of best fit because I think that once the ball starts to reach the higher temperatures the ball cant keep on stretching and eventually it will reach its maximum stretch and therefore it wont bounce any higher, it will level out. The 70i C point looks like it would be the start of a curve to the levelling out of the bounce height. Other than that my results are very accurate as they are all very close to my line of best fit suggesting that there arent any anomalies although some points are further away from my line of best fit than others. These arent anomalies though because not every point will be exactly on the line of best fit because it would have to be extremely well controlled and that isnt possible in classrooms and unlikely to be possible in the most controlled laboratories. There will always be differences in the results no matter what so therefore I believe that my results were as accurate as possible. My investigation could have been improved by: i Not doing the test over two lessons so all of the equipment would be the same. i Making sure that all the preliminary work was done before I did the actual experiment. i Making sure the temperature was kept exactly the same and not letting it drop or increase by even 1i C. i Doing more tests to make sure I get a very accurate average. i Being quicker between taking the ball out of the water bath and dropping i Not allowing the squash ball to some to the surface of the water bath at some points, keep it below the surface to make sure it definitely reaches thermal equilibrium. I think my results were very reliable even though it was done over two lessons so some of the equipment wasnt the same but it wouldnt have made much difference as all the equipment was mostly the same and were all accurate. At the lower temperatures such as 0i C and 10i C it was hard to keep the temperatures down in a warm room and had increased by a degree or two which could have made a difference to the bounce height. This would explain why the 10i C point was higher than the line of best fit. Other than that we were very accurate with keeping the water bath at the right temperature and this was shown by the closeness of the points to the line of best fit. To provide additional relevant evidence I could: i Use temperatures that go up in 5i C instead of 10i C so I would have more information to show the relationship between the temperature of a squash ball and its bounce height. i I could have a better way of seeing the bounce height by having a video camera set up about a metre away from the experiment to see where about the ball bounced and then have another camera close up to see a closer reading of the bounce height. When I play back the video, I would put it on slow motion and show it frame by frame recording the heights until the bounce heights start to fall. Then I would take the maximum recording I had for that temperature and that would be the bounce height. This would be very accurate because I would see a very close up measurement and because it would be in slow motion and frame by frame it clearly showed the bounce height and could clearly be read from the bottom of the ball. This is more accurate than using your eyes because the ball would bounce very quickly and you only have a split second to read the height and is very difficult.

Marijuana Should Be Legal :: Argument for Medical Marijuana

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of marijuana as a medicine and to propose a possible change in the federal laws prohibiting the medical use of marijuana. At the present time, thirty-four states ha ve laws that recognize the medical properties of marijuana and allow for its use when prescribed by a doctor. In fact, USA Today polls have shown that there is anywhere from 65% to 78% voter support for marijuana's medicinal use. (1) However, these laws cannot be implemented until there is a change in the federal laws. So why have these federal laws not been changed? First, there is a great misunderstanding of marijuana. There is also a significant lack of funding for marijuana research which could p rove its efficacy as a therapeutic drug. With proper funding, studies could help people understand marijuana so the long awaited and needed change can take place. Background Information on Marijuana What is Marijuana? Marijuana comes from the dried leaves and buds of the cannabis plant. (7) Although there are three varieties of the cannabis plant, cannabis sativa (the least potent of the three) is the most common form of the plant and is the mai n source of marijuana in the United States. Marijuana contains over 400 chemicals, although less than 100 are considered psychoactive. (7) Sixty-one of the chemicals found in marijuana are of the cannabinoid family and are only found in cannabis plants. The main active ingredient in marijuana is the cannabinoid delta-9 tetrahydrocannibinol, or THC. (7) THC has been shown to have many effects such as slowed reactions, increased appetite, released inhibitions, and impaired judgments and motor skills. M any of these effects are similar to the effects of alcohol, except that while alcohol causes a short temper and a propensity towards violence, marijuana does exactly the opposite. Marijuana induces a mellow state of relaxation. History of Marijuana as Medicine Marijuana has been used for thousands of years for its therapeutic value. The first known reference to the medical use of marijuana is contained in the 15th century BC Chinese Pharmacopoeia , the Ry-Ya. While there have been m any other reports on the value of medical marijuana throughout written history, the most noteworthy are the articles contained in many 18th century U.S. medical journals. Between 1840 and 1900, over 100 articles were published detailing the th erapeutic benefits and the safety of the drug. In fact, the federal government has used many references to these articles in health reports.

Possible Solutions For Environment Problems Essay

Global warming has become a major issue discussed over Medias and governments all over the world today. It is a problem that threatens the whole world because of the destructive impacts it can have on us humans and to the environment. Global warming is not a new phenomenon. It is often referred to as the gradual rise of the earths near surface temperature as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities. The green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, ozone and water vapor, they act as a blanket that traps enough heat from the sun to warm the earth. This is the green house effect as it is essential to life, for without it the earth would be so cold and would be uninhabitable. If not enough are in the air then the earth would become cold, but if too many gases are released into the air, then we have the problem of things heating up. The releasing of green house gases by humans slowly warm the earth, potentially changing the world’s climate pattern causing sea levels to rise and more disastrous effects. Now that the causes and effects of global warming are known, there can be strategies done to minimize its causes and effects. To achieve this countries and individuals have to work together to fight global warming, agreements made at the Kyoto Protocol is to minimize burning of fossil fuels in world leading countries of greenhouse gas emission including the United States and China. The earth’s atmosphere is made up of gases; carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and nitrogen, these gases are known as the greenhouse gases, they trap heat from the sun to warm the earth. Without them the earth would be so cold. Most scientists believe that the sharp increase of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere is warming the earth’s climate. Gases such as carbon dioxide, CFC and methane are the most released gases due to daily human activities. Exhaust from automobiles, smokes from coal fired power plants and deforestation are the major contributors to greenhouse gas emission. The largest greenhouse gas emitters are the densely populated and more developed countries such as the United States, China and Russia. Motor vehicles are the highest emitter of greenhouse gas; they produce high levels of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide which is released into the atmosphere. Another major source is the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and wood) by power plants to generate electricity. In 2003 the United States released  more than 5 million tons of gases from power plant alone. An increase of forest fires or deforestation for land clearing has lessened the amount of trees. Trees play a vital role in trapping carbon dioxide, when deforestation occurs more carbon dioxide is released. The Amazon is the largest carbon dioxide forest emitter (Protecting Forests). Any resource consuming method releasing quantities of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide or even water vapor contributes to the effect (Tapia 2007). These mass emissions of greenhouse gases cause the atmosphere to trap more heat thus leading to the warming of the earth. As the temperature rises the earth becomes hotter and hotter causing polar ice caps and glaciers across the globe to melt. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific body tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity, has released their latest report (Summary for Policy Makers 2007) on how global warming is affecting the earth. The report shows that the â€Å"sea ice in the arctic is shrinking in all seasons, most dramatically in summer†¦.Important coastal regions of the ice sheets on Greenland and West Antarctica, and the glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula, are thinning and contributing to sea level rise†( IPCC 2007, p.109). Another cause of sea level rise is the thermal expansion of water; this means that the increase in the earth’s temperature heats the ocean causing it to expand. The combination of water from melting glaciers, ice sheets and the thermal expansion causes sea level to rise. Rising of sea level leads to erosion and flooding but the most disastrous of all is the drowning of low lying islands and cites, the island of Tuvalu is slowly sinking from the rising in sea level. A warmer ocean can change weather patterns and could cause extreme weather events as already experienced in 2005 weather condition caused number of tornadoes and hurricanes in the United States and Asia( Tapia, 2007). The continuous rise in temperature and melting of ice caps is changing the landscapes in the artic circle making it uninhabitable for animal species including polar bears, seals and whales because they are only adapted to cold climate. Other effects include severe droughts in dry climate areas such as Africa has already leaded to famine. Fatal heat waves have already triggered massive bush fires in Australia and Europe, not only that but these heat waves could cause skin cancer. The  IPCC’s report concluded that if the temperature continues to rise within the next 50 years or so, its effects on us humans and our planet will be more disastrous (IPCC, 2007). However there could be strategies done to prevent global warming and its effects. Since us humans are the main source of global warming we are the only ones that can prevent its causes to minimize its devastating effects. As mentioned before that human activities such coal power plant emissions and deforestation are amongst the leaders of carbon dioxide emitters. Large industrialized countries should cut down the level of carbon dioxide emitted from coal fired power plants. The Kyoto protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), their goal is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in large industrialized countries such as the United States (Kyoto Protocol 2008). Another step is the banning of coal fired power plants, director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies told the â€Å"Terra Daily† that â€Å"There should be a moratorium on building any more coal-fired power plants until the technology to capture and sequester the (carbon dioxide emissions) is available,† he believes that the suspension of coal fired power plant is the key to cutting carbon dioxide emission (Staff Writers, 2007). Moreover we could use energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar power because it is much cleaner than fossil fuels. For example, more than 40 percent of the US states is increasingly using renewable energy because it is more affordable and cleaner than fossil fuel (Clean Energy, 2007). While reducing industrial emissions is critically important, we should also stop deforestation of rainforests such as the Amazon where trees are cut down, burned and cleared for agriculture and cattle grazing (Forest Holocaust & Protecting Forests). We could stop deforestation and replant more and more trees to replace the fallen trees. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Simmons (2005, September 11). 5 deadliest effects of Global Warming, Retrieved February 28 2008 from http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/sciencetech/5-deadliest-effects-of-global-warming/276Staff Writers (2007, February 27). Climate Science, retrieved March 2 2008 from

Doppler Effect

Doppler effect The Doppler effect, named after Christian Doppler, is the change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. For waves that propagate in a wave medium, such as sound waves, the velocity of the observer and of the source are relative to the medium in which the waves are transmitted. The total Doppler effect may therefore result from motion of the source, motion of the observer, or motion of the medium. Each of these effects is analysed separately. For waves which do not require a medium, such as light or gravity in special relativity, only the relative difference in velocity between the observer and the source needs to be considered. [pic] [pic] A source of waves moving to the left. The frequency is higher on the left, and lower on the right. | | Doppler first proposed the effect in 1842 in the monograph Uber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne und einige andere Gestirne des Himmels – Versuch einer das Bradleysche Theorem als integrierenden Teil in sich schliessender allgemeiner Theorie (On the coloured light of the binary refracted stars and other celestial bodies – Attempt of a more general theory including Bradley's theorem as an integral part). [1] The hypothesis was tested for sound waves by the Dutch scientist Christoph Hendrik Diederik Buys Ballot in 1845. He confirmed that the sound's pitch was higher as the sound source approached him, and lower as the sound source receded from him. Hippolyte Fizeau discovered independently the same phenomenon on electromagnetic waves in 1848 (in France, the effect is sometimes called â€Å"effet Doppler-Fizeau†). It is often overlooked that in Doppler's publications (and also Einstein's in his discussion of the Doppler effect) he explicitly acknowledges that his formulae are only approximate since he made several mathematical approximations in his derivation. Doppler's derivation is repeated more or less verbatim in most modern textbooks but often without the warning that the formulas are only valid in some (experimentally often seen) limits. In Britain, John Scott Russell made an experimental study of the Doppler effect. In 1848, Russell reported his study of the Doppler effect. (J. S. Russell, â€Å"On certain effects produced on sound by the rapid motion of the observer†, Brit. Assn. Rep. , vol. 18, p. 37 (1848). An English translation of Doppler's 1842 monograph can be found in the book by Alec Eden, â€Å"The search for Christian Doppler†, Springer-Verlag 1992. In this book, Eden felt doubtful regarding Doppler's conclusions on the colour of double stars, but he was convinced regarding Doppler's conclusions on sound. [pic] [pic] An illustration of the Doppler effect[2]. The relationship between observed frequency f' and emitted frequency f is given by: [pic] where pic]is the velocity of waves in the medium (in air at T degrees Celsius, this is 332(1 + T/273)1/2 m/s) [pic]is the velocity of the source (the object emitting the sound) Because we are using an inertial reference system, the velocity of an object moving towards the observer is considered as negative, so the detected frequency increases (This is because the source's velocity is in the denominator. ) Conversely, detected frequency decreases when the source moves away, and so the source's velocity is added when the motion is away. In the limit where the speed of the wave is much greater than the relative speed of the source and observer (this is often the case with electromagnetic waves, e. g. light), the relationship between observed frequency f? and emitted frequency f is given by: |Change in frequency |Observed frequency | |[pic] |[pic] | where [pic]is the transmitted frequency [pic]is the velocity of the transmitter relative to the receiver in meters per second: positive when moving towards one another, negative when moving away [pic]is the speed of wave (3? 08  m/s for electromagnetic waves travelling in air or a vacuum) [pic]is the wavelength of the transmitted wave subject to change. As mentioned previously, these two equations are only accurate to a first order approximation. However, they work reasonably well in the case considered by Doppler, i. e. when the speed between the source and receiver is slow relative to the speed of the waves involved and the distance between the source and receiver is l arge relative to the wavelength of the waves. If either of these two approximations are violated, the formulae are no longer accurate. Analysis It is important to realize that the frequency of the sounds that the source emits does not actually change. To understand what happens, consider the following analogy. Someone throws one ball every second in a man's direction. Assume that balls travel with constant velocity. If the thrower is stationary, the man will receive one ball every second. However, if the thrower is moving towards the man, he will receive balls more frequently because the balls will be less spaced out. The converse is true if the thrower is moving away from the man. So it is actually the wavelength which is affected; as a consequence, the perceived frequency is also affected. It may also be said that the velocity of the wave remains constant whereas wavelength changes; hence frequency also changes. If the moving source is emitting waves through a medium with an actual frequency f0, then an observer stationary relative to the medium detects waves with a frequency f given by [pic]which can be written as: [pic], here v is the speed of the waves in the medium and vs, r is the speed of the source with respect to the medium (positive if moving away from the observer, negative if moving towards the observer), radial to the observer. With a relatively slow moving source, vs, r is small in comparison to v and the equation approximates to [pic]. A similar analysis for a moving observer and a stationary source yields the observed frequency (the observer's velocity being represented as vo): [p ic], where the same convention applies  : vo is positive if the observer is moving way from the source, and negative if the observer is moving towards the source. These can be generalized into a single equation with both the source and receiver moving. However the limitations mentioned above still apply. When the more complicated exact equation is derived without using any approximations (just assuming that everything: source, receiver, and wave or signal are moving linearly) several interesting and perhaps surprising results are found. For example, as Lord Rayleigh noted in his classic book on sound, by properly moving it is possible to hear a symphony being played backwards. This is the so-called â€Å"time reversal effect† of the Doppler effect. Other interesting cases are that the Doppler effect is time dependent in general (thus we need to know not only the source and receivers' velocities, but also their positions at a given time) and also in some circumstances it is possible to receive two signals or waves from a source (or no signal at all). In addition there are more possibilities than just the receiver approaching the signal and the receiver receding from the signal. All these additional complications are for the classical—i. . , nonrelativistic Doppler effect. However, all these results also hold for the relativistic Doppler effect as well. The first attempt to extend Doppler's analysis to light waves was soon made by Fizeau. In fact, light waves do not require a medium to propagate and the correct understanding of the Doppler effect for light requires the use of the Special Theory of Relativity. See relativistic Doppler effect. Ap plications [pic] [pic] A stationary microphone records moving police sirens at different pitches depending on their relative direction. Everyday The siren on a passing emergency vehicle will start out higher than its stationary pitch, slide down as it passes, and continue lower than its stationary pitch as it recedes from the observer. Astronomer John Dobson explained the effect thus: â€Å"The reason the siren slides is because it doesn't hit you. † In other words, if the siren approached the observer directly, the pitch would remain constant (as vs, r is only the radial component) until the vehicle hit him, and then immediately jump to a new lower pitch. Because the vehicle passes by the observer, the radial velocity does not remain constant, but instead varies as a function of the angle between his line of sight and the siren's velocity: [pic] where vs is the velocity of the object (source of waves) with respect to the medium, and ? is the angle between the object's forward velocity and the line of sight from the object to the observer. Astronomy [pic] [pic] Redshift of spectral lines in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to that of the Sun (left). The Doppler effect for electromagnetic waves such as light is of great use in astronomy and results in either a so-called redshift or blueshift. It has been used to measure the speed at which stars and galaxies are approaching or receding from us, that is, the radial velocity. This is used to detect if an apparently single star is, in reality, a close binary and even to measure the rotational speed of stars and galaxies. The use of the Doppler effect for light in astronomy depends on our knowledge that the spectra of stars are not continuous. They exhibit absorption lines at well defined frequencies that are correlated with the energies required to excite electrons in various elements from one level to another. The Doppler effect is recognizable in the fact that the absorption lines are not always at the frequencies that are obtained from the spectrum of a stationary light source. Since blue light has a higher frequency than red light, the spectral lines of an approaching astronomical light source exhibit a blueshift and those of a receding astronomical light source exhibit a redshift. Among the nearby stars, the largest radial velocities with respect to the Sun are +308 km/s (BD-15 °4041, also known as LHS 52, 81. 7 light-years away) and -260 km/s (Woolley 9722, also known as Wolf 1106 and LHS 64, 78. 2 light-years away). Positive radial velocity means the star is receding from the Sun, negative that it is approaching. Temperature measurement Another use of the Doppler effect, which is found mostly in astronomy, is the estimation of the temperature of a gas which is emitting a spectral line. Due to the thermal motion of the gas, each emitter can be slightly red or blue shifted, and the net effect is a broadening of the line. This line shape is called a Doppler profile and the width of the line is proportional to the square root of the temperature of the gas, allowing the Doppler-broadened line to be used to measure the temperature of the emitting gas. Radar Main article: Doppler radar The Doppler effect is also used in some forms of radar to measure the velocity of detected objects. A radar beam is fired at a moving target—a car, for example, as radar is often used by police to detect speeding motorists—as it approaches or recedes from the radar source. Each successive wave has to travel further to reach the car, before being reflected and re-detected near the source. As each wave has to move further, the gap between each wave increases, increasing the wavelength. In some situations, the radar beam is fired at the moving car as it approaches, in which case each successive wave travels a lesser distance, decreasing the wavelength. In either situation, calculations from the Doppler effect accurately determine the car's velocity. The proximity fuze which was developed during World War II also relies on Doppler radar. Medical imaging and blood flow measurement An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the ultrasound beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), and calculation of the cardiac output. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements. Although â€Å"Doppler† has become synonymous with â€Å"velocity measurement† in medical imaging, in many cases it is not the frequency shift (Doppler shift) of the received signal that is measured, but the phase shift (when the received signal arrives). Velocity measurements of blood flow are also used in other fields of medical ultrasonography, such as obstetric ultrasonography and neurology. Velocity measurement of blood flow in arteries and veins based on Doppler effect is an effective tool for diagnosis of vascular problems like stenosis. [3] Flow measurement Instruments such as the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV), and Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) have been developed to measure velocities in a fluid flow. The LDV and ADV emit a light or acoustic beam, and measure the Doppler shift in wavelengths of reflections from particles moving with the flow. The actual flow is computed as a function of the water velocity and face. This technique allows non-intrusive flow measurements, at high precision and high frequency. Underwater acoustics In military applications the Doppler shift of a target is used to ascertain the speed of a submarine using both passive and active sonar systems. As a submarine passes by a passive sonobuoy, the stable frequencies undergo a Doppler shift, and the speed and range from the sonobuoy can be calculated. If the sonar system is mounted on a moving ship or an another submarine, then the relative velocity can be calculated.

A Guide to Writing Japanese New Years Cards

A Guide to Writing Japanese New Year's Cards .The Japanese send New Years cards (nengajo) rather than Christmas cards. If you want to send nengajo to your Japanese friends, here are common greetings and expressions you can write to wish them all the best for the new year. Happy New Year All the following expressions roughly translate as Happy New Year. Choose any of them to begin your card. The saying is listed in kanji, or Japanese letters, on the left and in Romaji- the  writing of Japanese in  Roman  characters- on the right. 明㠁‘㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢   Akemashite omedetou gozaimasu.æâ€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£ Å Ã£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢   Shinnen omedetou gozaimasu.omedetou gozaimasu.è ¬ ¹Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã¦â€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´   Kinga Shinnenæ  ­Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã¦â€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´   Kyouga Shinnenè ³â‚¬Ã¦ ­ £   Gashouè ¿Å½Ã¦Ëœ ¥   Geishunè ¬ ¹Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã¦â€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£  ®Ã£ Å Ã¥â€"Å"㠁 ³Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§â€ ³Ã£ â€"ä ¸Å Ã£ â€™Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢   Tsutsushinde shinnen no oyorokobi o moushiagemasu. Note that Kinga Shinnen (è ¬ ¹Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã¦â€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´), Kyouga Shinnen (æ  ­Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã¦â€" °Ã¥ ¹ ´), Gashou (è ³â‚¬Ã¦ ­ £), and Geishun (è ¿Å½Ã¦Ëœ ¥) are seasonal words that are not used in regular conversation. The rest of the expressions can be used as a greeting. Expressions and Phrases After the greeting, add words of thanks, requests for continued favor, or wishes for health. Here are some common expressions, though you can add your own words as well. The saying is presented first in English, then in kanji, and then in Romaji. Thank you for all your kind help during the past year.æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£ Å Ã¤ ¸â€"è © ±Ã£  «Ã£  ªÃ£â€šÅ Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£ Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁ŸSakunen wa taihen osewa ni nari arigatou gozaimashita. I hope for your continued favor this year.æÅ" ¬Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ Å Ã© ¡ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Honnen mo douzo yoroshiku onegaishimasu. Wishing everyone good health.皆æ §ËœÃ£  ®Ã£ â€Ã¥  ¥Ã¥ º ·Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ Å Ã§ ¥Ë†Ã£â€šÅ Ã§â€ ³Ã£ â€"ä ¸Å Ã£ â€™Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Minasama no gokenkou o oinori moushiagemasu. Adding the Date When dating the card, use the word gantan (å…Æ'æâ€" ¦) instead of the date that card was written. Gantan means the morning of Jan. 1; therefore, it is not necessary to write ichi-gatsu gantan. As for the year, the Japanese era name is often used. For example, the year 2015 is Heisei nijuugo-nen (Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¦Ë† Ã¥ ¹ ´), the 27th  year of the era, Heisei. Although nengajo are often written vertically, it is acceptable to write them horizontally. Addressing Cards When sending New Years cards from overseas, the word nenga (Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬) should be written in red on the front side along with a stamp and address. This way, the post office will hold the card and deliver it on Jan. 1. Unlike Christmas cards, nengajo shouldnt arrive before New Years Day. Write your name (and address) at the left side of the card. You can add your own message or draw the picture of the present years zodiacal animal (eto).   Who to Send Nengajou To The Japanese send nengajou not only to family and friends but also to classmates, coworkers, and even business partners. However, personal nengajou often play an important role in connecting people. There were many heart-warming stories about nengajou submitted to The Memorable Nengajou Contest (Nengajou Omoide Taishou). Here is the top prize-winning short story in kanji, followed by the story in Romaji. ã€Å'Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã§Å  ¶Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬  æ˜ ¨Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã§ § Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ¡Ã£  ¨Ã¥Æ' Ã£  Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â€"㠁Ÿå  Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£ Å'Ã¥ °â€¹Ã£  ­Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦ ¯ Ã¨ ¦ ªÃ£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥â€¦ Ã¦â€ ¾Ã¦ £â€žÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šÅ'〠Ã¤ »Å Ã£  ¯Ã© ¤Å Ã¨ ­ ·Ã¦â€" ½Ã¨ ¨ ­Ã£  «Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ®Å¡Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ¥Ë† ¶Ã© «ËœÃ¦   ¡Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šâ€žÃ£â€š Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ­Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ â€ Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã§â€"…é™ ¢Ã©â€¢ ·Ã£ Å'è ª ¿Ã§ â€ Ã¨ £Å"åŠ ©Ã¥â€œ ¡Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã©â€ºâ€¡Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¥ â€¡Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã© ½ ¢Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥  Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã¨ ª ¿Ã§ â€ Ã¥   ´Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥  Ã¥â€¦ ­Ã¦ ­ ³Ã£  ®Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£ Å'æ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¨Ã£ â€œÃ£â€š Ã£  ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£ Å'〠Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 «Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  ²Ã£â€šâ€¡Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã©â€º ¢Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã¦Å¡ ®Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â„¢Ã¦ ¯ Ã¨ ¦ ªÃ£  ®Ã©  ¢Ã¥ ½ ±Ã£â€šâ€™Ã§ § Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ¡Ã£  «Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦Å"ˆå Å Ã£  °Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã§Å  ¶Ã£  ®Ã¦ ºâ€"備㠁 ®Ã¨ © ±Ã© ¡Å'㠁 «Ã£  ªÃ£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ§ § Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ¡Ã£  ®Ã¤ ¼Å¡Ã¨ © ±Ã£  «Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨ ­ °Ã£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ© ¡â€Ã£  §Ã¥ °â€¹Ã£  ­Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ§â€ž ¡Ã§ â€ Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¦ ¯ Ã¨ ¦ ªÃ£  ¨Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§ ·â€™Ã£  «Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã©  Æ'㠁 ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ ½ Ã¥ ±â€¦Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ » ¢Ã£â‚¬â€¦Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£  ¨Ã¨ Å¾Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã§Å  ¶Ã£  ©Ã£ â€œÃ£â€š Ã£  §Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ®Ã£   Ã£â€š Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š 㠁 ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£  §Ã£ â€œÃ£  £Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£  «Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã§Å  ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã¦ ± ºÃ£â€š Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£ Å¸Ã£  Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ®Ã¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€ºÃ£  «Ã¥â€º ²Ã£  ¾Ã£â€šÅ'る㠁“㠁 ¨Ã£â€šâ€™Ã© ¡ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š ã€Å'åˆ Ã£â€š Ã£  ¦Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã§Å  ¶Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ¤ §Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã£  «Ã© ¡ Ã£  «Ã© £ ¾Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€šË†Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬  ä »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£  ®Ã¦ ºâ‚¬Ã©  ¢Ã£  ®Ã§ ¬â€˜Ã© ¡â€Ã£  §Ã¥ ¹â€¢Ã£ Å'éâ€"‹ã â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ³â‚¬Ã§Å  ¶Ã£  ¯Ã£ â„¢Ã£  ¹Ã£  ¦Ã£  ®Ã¤ º ºÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ¹ ¸Ã£ â€ºÃ£  «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'る。 "Nengajou tte nan desu ka." Sakunen kara watashitachi to hatarakidashita juuroku-sai no shoujo ga tazuneta. Hahaoya kara ikujihouki sare, ima wa yougoshisetsu ni iru kanojo.Teijisei koukou mo yameteshimatta kanojo o mikane, uchi no byouinchou ga chourihojoin to shite yatotta. Heikin nenrei gojussai no chouriba. Juuroku-sai no shoujo ga tanoshii tokoro towa omoenai ga, kanojo wa mainichi genki ni yatte kuru. Hyottoshite hanarete kurasu hahaoya no omokage o watashitachi ni mite iru no ka. Juuichi-gatsu nakaba nengajou no junbi no wadai ni natta. Sonna watashitachi no kaiwa ni fushigisouna kao de tazuneru kanojo. Muri mo nai. Hahaoya to isshoni ita koto wa, juukyo o tenten to shiteita to kiita. Negajou dokoro dewa nakatta no darou. Minna de kossori kanojo ni nengajou o dasu koto ni kimeta. Takusan no shiawase ni kakomareru koto o negai. Hajimete nengajou moratta. Taisetsu ni gaku ni kazatta yo. Shigotohajime wa kanojo no manmen no egao de maku ga hiraita. Nengajou  wa  subete  no  hito  o  shiawase  ni  shitekureru.

Francis Bacon on Youth and Age

Francis Bacon on Youth and Age Francis Bacon  was a true Renaissance man- statesman, writer, and philosopher  of science. He is considered the first major English essayist. Professor Brian Vickers has pointed out that Bacon could vary the tempo of argument in order to highlight important aspects. In the essay Of Youth and Age, Vickers notes in the introduction to the Oxford Worlds Classics 1999 edition of The Essays Or Counsels, Civil and Moral  that Bacon uses a most effective variation in tempo, now slowing down, now speeding up, together with syntactical parallelism, in order to characterize the two opposed stages of life.   Of Youth and Age A man that is young in years may be old in ​hours, if he have lost no time. But that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first cogitations, not so wise as the second. For there is a youth in thoughts, as well as in ages. And yet the invention of young men is more lively than that of old, and imaginations stream into their minds better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that have much heat and great and violent desires and perturbations, are not ripe for action till they have passed the meridian of their years; as it was with Julius Caesar, and Septimius Severus. Of the latter of whom it is said, Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus, plenum1. And yet he was the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list. But reposed natures may do well in youth. As it is seen in Augustus Caesar, Cosmus Duke of Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and vivacity in age is an excellent composition for business. Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; f itter for execution than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled business. For the experience of age, in things that fall within the compass of it, directeth them; but in new things, abuseth them. The errors of young men are the ruin of business; but the errors of aged men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or sooner. Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles which they have chanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate, which draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first; and that which doubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or retract them; like an unready horse, that will neither stop nor turn. Men of age object too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and seldom drive business home to the full period, but content themselves with a mediocrity of success. Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, good for extern accidents, because authority followeth old men, and favour and popularit y youth. But for the moral part, perhaps youth will have the pre-eminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rabbin, upon the text, Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams, inferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old, because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream. And certainly, the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes. These are, first, such as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned; such as was Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle; who afterwards waxed stupid. A second sort is of those that have some natural dispositions which have better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and luxuriant speech, which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully saith of Hortensius, Idem manebat, neq ue idem decebat2. The third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold. As was Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in effect, Ultima primis cedebant3. 1 He passed a youth full of errors, yea of madnesses.2 He continued the same, when the same was not becoming.3 His last actions were not equal to his first.

The Basque Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Basque Conflict - Research Paper Example Many of the Basque separatists were of the opinion that the only way they could achieve self-determination was by seceding from the two nations and forming an independent Basque state. Owing to the fact that succession was not welcomed by either the French or Spanish government, the revolutionists resorted to the only means the believed would push their point across and this was violent rebellion. Background In summary, the Basque separationist movement embodied the desire of the people to achieve a greater independence, nonetheless, the concept of what independence was varied among different groups, some wanted complete autonomy from Spain and France, believing that owing to the historical richness of their culture and the difference from Spain, the should form their own country. This was justified by the fact that the Basque region is one of the richest in Spain in terms or mineral resources, seaports and businesses such as banks and other industries and some of the inhabitants fel t that denationalizing was the most economically viable option.2 The movement begun as an idea and a political notion shared by a few but gradually developed into a far-reaching sentiment shared by millions of the inhabitants of the Basque region. ... The Basque movement first emerged as the 19th century ended, after the death of the leader Sabina de Arana Goiri they were granted full autonomy by the republican government and this freedom lasted until the end of the civil war.3 The republican government was overthrown by the Franco regime and this new regime negated many of the gains the Basque had made in self-determination previously. To make them pay for their support for the fallen republican government Franco committed many atrocities in his attempt to repudiate their independence, one of the most brutal of this was the Guernica bombing. In April 1937, he ordered the bombing of Guernica a thriving Basque town killing approximately 1000 people; this was the first manifestation of Franco’s hatred for the Basque people but far from the last. Cultural political repression From this incidence of Guernica bombing, must ask what the reaction of the international community was? To what was a clearly inhumane and unwarranted ma ss murder of innocents simply so that Franco could make his point? However, there was a lot of tension in the international scene as countries weaved alliances in preparation for the impeding war and although there were widespread recriminations no action was taken against Franco and this emboldened his diabolic actions. He continued to oppress them in a plethora of ways, he took away their freedom and even went as far as criminalizing their culture and language, and he was thus effectively stripping them of their freedom of expression speech and even conscience. Hundreds of Basque intellectuals and politicians were imprisoned and tortured under Franco’s orders because of their ideals on

An Effective Approach to Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An Effective Approach to Management - Essay Example He should see that the tasks accomplished are according to customer satisfaction (Williams, 2010, pp.7-8) In essence, there are five specified tasks of a manager. Managers â€Å"set goals, organize activities, motivate and communicate, measure performance, and develop people.† (Daft, 2011, p.5) There are different approaches to management. Some of the most influential ones are classical approach, the human relations approach and contingency approach. Each approach offers valuable insights for practicing managers in their efforts to define management problems and opportunities, and to develop ways to deal with them. This paper focuses on human relations approach of management with Accenture as case study. The traditional classical theory of management was a drawback in many ways. It failed to comprehend the behavioral patterns of individual employees. This theory is a concept of rigid laws in management practice. This theory is based on the assumption that employees are motivated only by financial incentives, and ignored the human aspect of employees i.e. their social and psychological needs. This theory assumed that productivity is the only objective of an organizational body and ignored the multiple goals of the organization. Overall, the classical approach is more mechanical with no focus on motivation and inter-personal relationships between employees and management personnel (Agarwal, 1983, p.29) As a result a natural outgrowth of this management theory is the human relations theory also known as behavioral management theory. This theory came into practice in the 1930s (Griffin & Moorehead, 2009, p.85) and is based on the concept â€Å"satisfied workers will give more work.â₠¬  (Daft & Marcic, 2010, p.30) The initial focus of the theory was on worker cooperation and thoughtful management, but gradually the focus shifted to the daily performance of workers. The concept of this theory was to integrate skilled and quality performance with motivation aspects.